Effects of Alcohol

One thing that I found interesting today in Health class, was the effects that alcohol has on each different part of our bodies.

Structure of an Atom - Science

1. What is matter?

Matter is the amount of space an object occupies. Matter has weight.

2. What is an atom?

An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element
Name different parts of an atom?

Protons (positive charge), neutrons ( no charge, neutral)  & electrons ( negative charge). Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. Electrons are found in the orbits.

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Electronic configuration

Distribution of electrons in different orbits.

Electrons that are on the outer most layer are known as valency electrons.

1st orbit can contain 2

2nd orbit can contain 8

2n2 - Where ‘n’ is number of orbit.

For first orbit H = 1

2(1)2= 2 so there are 2 electrons in first orbit

For second orbit n = 2

2(2)2 = 2 x 4 = 8. There can not be more than 8 in the second orbit

For third orbit n = 3

2(3)2 = 2 x 9 = 18 There can not be more than 18 electrons in the third orbit.

THERE CAN’T BE MORE THAN 8 ELECTRONS IN OUTERMOST ORBIT.

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If atomic number is halved, this may be the atomic number (most of the times).

Name of element/symbol	Atomic Mass	Atomic Number	Electronic Configuration
C - Carbon	12	6	2, 8, 1
H - Hydrogen	1	1	1
N - Nitrogen	14	7	2, 5
O - Oxygen	16	8	2, 6
Na - Sodium	23	11	2, 8, 1
Mg - Magnesium	24	12	2, 8, 2
Al - Aluminium	27	13	2, 8, 4
Ca - Calcium	40	20	2, 8, 8, 2
K - Potassium	39	19	2, 8, 8, 1
P - Phosphorus	31	15	2, 8, 6
S - Sulfur	32	16	2, 8, 6

Note : Number of protons & electrons are always equal.

Name of the element : Sodium (Na)

 

Atomic mass : 23

Atomic number : 11

Number of electrons : 11

Number of protons : 11

Number of neutrons : 23 - 11 = 11

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 1

Name of the element : Aluminum (Al)

Atomic mass : 27

Atomic number : 13

Number of electrons : 13

Number of protons : 13

Number of neutrons : 27 - 13 = 14

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 4

Name of the element : Phosphorus (P)

 

Atomic mass : 31

Atomic number : 15

Number of electrons : 15

Number of protons : 15

Number of neutrons : 31 - 15 = 16

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 5

Name of the element : Potassium (K)

 

Atomic mass : 39

Atomic number : 19

Number of electrons : 19

Number of protons : 19

Number of neutrons : 39 - 19 = 19

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 9

Name of the element : Carbon (C)

 

Atomic mass : 12

Atomic number : 6

Number of electrons : 6

Number of protons : 6

Number of neutrons : 12 - 6 = 6

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 4

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 0

Name of the element : Magnesium (Mg)

Atomic mass : 24

Atomic number : 12

Number of electrons : 12

Number of protons : 12

Number of neutrons : 24 - 12 = 12

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 2      

Name of the element : Sulfur (S)

Atomic mass : 32

Atomic number : 16

Number of electrons :16

Number of protons : 16

Number of neutrons : 32 - 16 = 16

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 6

Name of the element : Oxygen (O)

 

Atomic mass : 16

Atomic number : 8

Number of electrons : 8

Number of protons : 8

Number of neutrons :16 - 8 = 8

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 6

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 0

Name of the element : Zinc (Zn)

Atomic mass : 65

Atomic number : 30

Number of electrons : 30

Number of protons : 30

Number of neutrons : 65 - 30 = 35

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 18

Number of electrons in 4th orbit : 2

Name of the element : Bromine (Br)

Atomic mass : 80

Atomic number : 35

Number of electrons : 35

Number of protons : 35

Number of neutrons : 80 - 35 = 45

Number of electrons in 1st orbit : 2

Number of electrons in 2nd orbit : 8

Number of electrons in 3rd orbit : 18

Number of electrons in 4th orbit : 17

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Atoms

An atom is electrically neutral because there is an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged neutrons.

An atom can become charged

• Lose electrons → Atom becomes positively charged
• Gain electrons → Atom becomes negatively charged
• Share electrons →

Charged atom = Ion

Positive ion = Cation

Negative ion = anion

Notes

Atomic number - Number of protons or electrons

Atomic mass - Number of protons and neutrons (Bigger number, isn’t always a whole number)

Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

Number of electrons = number of protons = atomic number